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A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n). This formula holds true for monosaccharides. Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxyl aldehydes and ketones. The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of 'saccharide', a group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. Nanocellulose has gained much attention recently for its potential applications in material science, biomedicine, agriculture, and food packaging.
Nanocellulose is a natural and unique material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width) and can self-assemble into well-defined architectures at the nano- or macro-scale. Nanocellulose is one of the most abundant and sustainable nanobiomaterials in nature. In particular, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are made from wood-derived fibers, hence they have a low environmental impact for their production and disposal.
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