所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)-普通生物學
1. A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _______ .(A) one capillary bed (B) two capillary beds (C) three capillary beds (D) four capillary beds
2. Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? (A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. (B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. (C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. (D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.
3. Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output? (A) The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. (B) The species likely has very wide-diameter veins. (C) The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. (D) The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle.
4. If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? (A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes (B) caffeinated beverages (C) bottled water kept at room temperature (D) bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible
5. A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _______ .(A) release all bound carbon dioxide molecules (B) bind more oxygen molecules (C) decrease its binding of H+ (D) give up more of its oxygen molecules
6. African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? (A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. (B) Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. (C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. (D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.
7. How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? (A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. (B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. (C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. (D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.
8. The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _______. (A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated (B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient (C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification (D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle
9. An examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because _______. (A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions (B) it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate (C) its kidney had ruptured (D) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize
10. The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _______. (A) results from active transport (B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones (C) is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred (D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus
11. Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? (A) mouse (B) human (C) hippopotamus (D) giraffe
12. Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a target cell would come from _______. (A) applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell (B) injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell (C) applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell (D) injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell
13. Steroid and polypeptide hormones typically have in common _______. (A) the building blocks from which they are synthesized (B) their solubility in cell membranes (C) their requirement for travel through the bloodstream (D) their reliance on signal transduction in the cell
14. A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling? (A) autocrine (B) paracrine (C) endocrine (D) neuroendocrine
15. What happens in a cell when adenylyl cyclase is activated? (A) cAMP is created (B) cAMP is destroyed (C) G proteins bind to cAMP (D) steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer
16. Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity? (A) the pituitary gland (B) parathyroid glands (C) salivary glands (D) the pancreas
17. Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _______. (A) cerebellum (B) thalamus (C) hypothalamus (D) anterior pituitary gland
18. Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _______. (A) all share a recent common ancestor (B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures (C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming (D) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water
19. Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _______. (A) connective tissue (B) smooth muscle cells (C) neural tissue (D) epithelial tissue.
20. Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _______. (A) cardiac muscle (B) smooth muscle (C) striated muscle (D) skeletal muscle
21. The three stages of information processing in animals include _______. (A) chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision (B) dendrites, a cell body, and an axon (C) a presynaptic cell, neurotransmitters, and a postsynaptic cell (D) sensory reception, an integrating center, and effectors (motor neurons)
22. Most of the neurons in the human central nervous system are _______. (A) sensory neurons (B) motor neurons (C) interneurons (D) peripheral neurons
23. The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because _______. (A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles (B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles (C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood (D) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles
24. The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _______. (A) axon hillock (B) dendrite (C) synapse (D) cell body
25. In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _______. (A) the presynaptic membrane (B) axon hillocks (C) cell bodies (D) ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
26. Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants? (A) Both possess chloroplasts (B) Both have cellulose cell walls (C) Both store carbohydrates as glycogen (D) Both exhibit alternation of generations
27. Red algae are unique because they: (A) Possess flagellated gametes (B) Exhibit a triphasic life cycle (C) Lack chlorophyll (D) Form seeds
28. Which characteristic is shared by charophytes and land plants? (A) Fucoxanthin-containing plastids (B) Phragmoplast formation during cell division (C) Silica cell walls (D) Triphasic life cycles
29. Lichens are composed of: (A) A fungus and a cyanobacterium only (B) A fungus and one or more photosynthetic partners (C) Two fungal species (D) Algae only
30. The endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts is supported by the fact that chloroplasts: (A) Contain cellulose walls (B) Have circular DNA and bacterial-type ribosomes (C) Lack membranes (D) Divide by mitosis
31. Which statement regarding bryophytes is correct? (A) The sporophyte is independent of the gametophyte (B) They possess true roots (C) The gametophyte is the dominant generation (D) Their xylem contains lignified vessels
32. Which of the following evolutionary innovations first appeared in seed plants? (A) Vascular tissue (B) Cuticle (C) Pollen (D) Stomata
33. Fern leaves are commonly referred to as: (A) Needles (B) Fronds (C) Blades (D) Sporophylls
34. Which of the following structures is arranged in the correct order of the fern life cycle? (A) Spore → Sporophyte → Gametophyte → Zygote (B) Spore → Gametophyte → Zygote → Sporophyte (C) Gametophyte → Spore → Sporophyte → Zygote (D) Sporophyte → Zygote → Spore → Gametophyte
35. Which of the following factors directly drives transpiration in plants? (A) Root pressure (B) Water evaporation from mesophyll cell walls (C) Active transport of water into leaves (D) ATP production in guard cells
36. The Casparian strip functions primarily to: (A) Increase water storage in roots (B) Block uncontrolled apoplastic transport (C) Enhance photosynthesis in roots (D) Transport sugars into the xylem
37. Which of the following changes would most likely increase photorespiration? (A) Increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration (B) Increased stomatal conductance (C) Increased leaf temperature and reduced CO₂ availability (D) Increased PEP carboxylase activity
38. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi primarily enhance the uptake of: (A) Carbon dioxide (B) Nitrogen gas (C) Phosphorus (D) Potassium only
39. Nitrogenase is highly sensitive to: (A) Carbon dioxide (B) Light (C) Oxygen (D) Water
40. The Calvin cycle directly requires: (A) O₂ and ATP (B) ATP and NADPH (C) NADH and ATP (D) Water and O₂
41. CAM plants differ from C4 plants because: (A) They use PEP carboxylase (B) They lack the Calvin cycle (C) They separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle temporally (D) They do not produce ATP
42. In flowering plants, double fertilization produces: (A) Two embryos (B) An embryo and endosperm (C) Two endosperms (D) A zygote and pollen grain
43. Which of the following is a major advantage of seeds over spores? (A) Seeds require water for fertilization (B) Seeds contain stored nutrients for embryo development (C) Seeds are always produced asexually (D) Seeds lack protective structures
44. A mutation that eliminates guard-cell K+ channels would most likely result in: (A) Increased stomatal opening (B) Reduced stomatal opening (C) Increased transpiration (D) Increased photosynthetic efficiency
45. Which structure protects the shoot apical meristem in monocots? (A) Cotyledon (B) Coleoptile (C) Scutellum (D) Aleurone layer
46. Which component of water potential is always zero or negative? (A) Pressure potential (Ψp) (B) Solute potential (Ψs) (C) Turgor pressure (D) Osmotic pressure
47. In roots, secondary growth typically begins in the: (A) Epidermis (B) Cortex (C) Pericycle and residual procambium (D) Root cap
48. Which primary meristem gives rise to the epidermis? (A) Procambium (B) Ground meristem (C) Protoderm (D) Vascular cambium
49. A plant with separate male and female flowers on the same individual is: (A) Dioecious (B) Monoecious (C) Bisexual (D) Homosporous
50. Seed dormancy and germination are primarily regulated by _______. (A) Auxin and Cytokinin (B) Ethylene and Auxin (C) ABA and Gibberellin (D) Cytokinin and Ethylene
阿摩線上測驗
登入
阿摩線上測驗
登入