34. Which of the following molecules are required for the vesicular movements that Ted had observed in the axons?
(A) Actin
(B) Dynein
(C) Kinesin
(D) ATP
(E) cyclic AMP

35. Ted further studied axon transport by knocking down various genes using small hairpin RNA (shRNA). He found that when he knocked down protein X, synaptic vesicles accumulated at the axon terminal. This phenotype could be abolished by further knocking down another protein, Y. When Ted knocked down both X and Y, all the synaptic vesicles accumulated in the cell body. Assume that X and Y are both proteins involved in motor activity. Which of the following are correct? (A) Protein X could be one of the components in a high molecular weight complex that mediates antegrade axon transport (B) Y may have a microtubule-binding domain (C) Treating the cells with cytochalasin, an actin-depolymerizing drug, should produce phenotypes similar to those of Y knockdown (D) X moves in the same direction as the underlying cytoskeleton growth, whereas Y moves in the opposite direction (E) Normal function of Y requires ATP hydrolysis

36. Which of the following descriptions about mitosis and meiosis are correct? (A) Meiosis has two phases of cell divisions and therefore has two S phases (B) Homologous chromosome pairing occurs in the prophase of both meiosis and mitosis (C) In meiosis, there is at least one recombination event between non-sister chromatids (D) The chance of chromosomal recombination is evenly distributed along the entire length of the chromosome (E) Both haploid and diploid cells undergo mitosis, but only diploid cells undergo meiosis

複選題37. About cell cycle and cell division, which of the following descriptions are correct? (A) Proliferating cells often undergo asymmetric division by asymmetric mitotic spindle positioning (B) In asymmetric cell divisions that generate apoptotic cells, such as those in C. elegans, the apoptotic event randomly occurs in either of the daughter cells (C) In mammalian cells, cyclin B mainly functions in G2 and M phases through anaphase, whereas cyclin D functions in S phase (D) Ubiquitin/SCF-dependent degradation of S-phase cyclin-CDK inhibitors is required for the cell cycle to proceed through S phase (E) DNA-damage checkpoint proteins detect DNA damage and block progression through the cell cycle 

複選題38. About Lisa's analysis of the fly mutant, which of the following are correct? (A) The axon defects that Lisa identified represent loss-of-function phenotypes of the small GTPase (B) The mutation that Lisa identified could be a gain-of-function mutation of the small GTPase (C) The small GTPase normally is not required for axon projection of the eye (D) There is possibility that an unrelated background mutation, which is somehow linked to the small GTPase mutation, actually causes the axon defects (E) The gene is essential for embryonic development

複選題39. Which of the following experiments may help Lisa gain insights into her project? (A) Compare the fly mutation to existing vertebrate mutations in the homologous genes and see whether the mutation affects conserved residues of the protein (B) Sequence the entire genome of the mutant fly to find any mutations that may co-exist with the small GTPase mutation (C) The initial mapping is wrong and she should re-map the mutation all over again (D) Perform RNAi against this small GTPase in the mutant flies, rather than in wild type flies, to exclude the possibility that it is a neomorphic mutation (E) Purify the mutant protein by expressing it in the bacterial system, and perform in vitro GTPase assay to understand how the protein activity is affected

複選題40. Which of the following descriptions about animal development are correct? (A) Muscles and liver are both derivatives of the mesoderm (B) The initial polarity of the frog and C. elegans embryo is in part determined by the site of sperm entry (C) The order of Hox genes in a certain chromosome cluster has no correlation with the order of the body parts that they control during development (D) Morphogens are membrane-bound molecules that form concentration gradient and specify cell fates at discrete concentrations (E) Germ cells are separated from other somatic tissues early in lineage during animal development

1. Mary's poor performance on the latest test was an ______ since she had previously earned excellent grades. (A) anomaly (B) anonymously (C) amorously (D) anxiously

2. The lecture was ______ and straightforward, allowing the students to grasp the concepts presented. (A) longevity (B) luncheon (C) lucid (D) lune

3. Undergraduate students often ______ among various majors before deciding which degree to pursue. (A) ventilate (B) vacillate (C) vibrate (D) verify

4. Economic debates can ______ controversy regarding the subjects discussed. (A) participate (B) sustain (C) interfere (D) engender

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