12. Which of the following statements correctly defines or describes a *superacid*?
(A) A superacid is any acid stronger than sulfuric acid in terms of molarity
(B) A superacid is an acid whose Hammett acidity function $(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{a}})$ is lower than that of pure sulfuric acid
(C) A superacid is an acid that can protonate only strong bases such as amines
(D) A superacid always contains fluorine and antimony elements
(E) A superacid is an acid that is always stronger than sulfuric acid in water

22. Bartlett's classic experiment demonstrated for the first time that a noble gas can form a stable compound. Which of the following statements about this discovery is correct? (A) Bartlett showed that xenon reacts directly with $\mathrm{F}_{2}$ to form $\mathrm{XeF}_{6}$ at room temperature (B) Bartlett reacted xenon with $\mathrm{PtF}_{6}$ to form a xenon fluoroplatinate salt (C) The product of Bartlett's experiment was neutral $\mathrm{XeF}_{2}$ (D) In Bartlett's experiment, $\mathrm{PtF}_{6}$ acted as a reducing agent toward xenon (E) Bartlett demonstrated that xenon is more reactive than krypton under all conditions

23. Two closely overlapping bands often observed for $\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}\right]^{2+}$ are most directly explained by: (A) Spin-forbidden transitions only (B) Jahn-Teller distortion splitting $e_g$ levels (C) Tetrahedral contamination (D) Only LMCT (E) Only metal-metal bonding 

24. Which of the following statements about fullerenes (C₆₀ & C₇₀) is      incorrect     ? (A) C₆₀ belongs to the I₁₁ point group and has the highest symmetry among all known fullerenes (B) C₇₀ generally shows broader and red-shifted UV-Vis absorption compared with C₆₀ (C) Both C₆₀ and C₇₀ act as efficient electron acceptors due to their low-lying LUMO levels (D) Each carbon atom in both C₆₀ and C₇₀ is sp³-hybridized (E) C₇₀ has a symmetry point group (D₅ₕ) and an ellipsoidal shape

25. Which of the following steps is      NOT      involved in the catalytic cycle of the Buchwald-Hartwig coupling? (A) Oxidative addition of an aryl halide to Pd(0) (B) Coordination of the amine to the Pd(II) center (C) Deprotonation to form a Pd-amido intermediate (D) Reductive elimination to form the C-N bond (E) Transmetalation from an organoboron reagent to Pd(II)

26. In the solid state, an oxygen vacancy in an oxide typically acts as: (A) An acceptor producing holes (B) A donor producing electrons (C) A neutral defect with no electronic consequence (D) A defect that always widens the band gap (E) A defect that always creates p-type conductivity

27. Increasing the metal content in ZnO to form Zn-rich ZnO most plausibly leads to: (A) p-type conductivity via zinc vacancies (B) n-type conductivity via donor defects (C) No change due to stoichiometry conservation (D) A molecular (not solid-state) species (E) Metallic conductivity in all cases

28. Which lattice has the highest packing efficiency? (A) Simple cubic (B) Body-centered cubic (C) Face-centered cubic (D) Primitive tetragonal (E) Orthorhombic

29. In a p-n junction under forward bias, current flows mainly because: (A) Electrons and holes recombine at the junction after overcoming reduced barrier (B) The depletion region widens (C) Only holes move; electrons remain fixed (D) Only electrons move; holes remain fixed (E) The band gap collapses to zero 

30. In octahedral ligand field theory, which orbital set is stabilized by $\pi$-acceptor ligands? (A) $e_g$ (B) $t_{2g}$ (C) $s$ (D) $p$ (E) all orbitals equally 

複選題31. Which of the following statements about periodic trends in electron affinity (EA) and ionization energy (IE) are correct? (A) First ionization energy generally increases from left to right across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge (B) Electron affinity always becomes more negative down a group because atomic size increases (C) Noble gases have very low ionization energies because of their stable electron configurations (D) The first ionization energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen due to electron-electron repulsion in the $2p$ orbitals (E) Halogens have small electron affinities because their valence shells are already nearly filled

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