12. Which of the following technique is usually used to detect genome-wide chromatin accessibility?
(A) Yeast two-hybrid
(B) SDS-PAGE
(C) ATAC-seq
(D) Co-immunoprecipitation
(E) Electroporation

13. Which of the following type of bonds or interactions are LEAST likely to be involved in stabilizing the three-dimensional folding of most proteins? (A) Ester bonds (B) Hydrogen bonds (C) Electrostatic bonds (D) Hydrophobic interactions (E) Disulfide bonds

14. The amino acid sequence of a novel membrane protein contains six immunoglobulin-like domains and four fibronectin-like repeats. This protein is most likely a (A) G protein (B) transcriptional factor (C) motor protein (D) cell adhesion molecule (E) serine/threonine protein kinase

15. Which of the following is most likely to lead to a loss of gene function? (A) A missense mutation in the open reading frame (B) A change from TAA codon to TAG codon in the coding region (C) A change from C to T in the promoter region (D) A sequence change in the 5' untranslated region (E) A frameshift mutation in the coding region

16. Which of the following best describes the function of the sigma subunit of the RNA polymerase in E. coli? (A) It is required for transcriptional termination. (B) It is required for elongation of the RNA transcript. (C) It increases the accessibility of RNA polymerase to any DNA template. (D) It is essential for the recognition and binding to the promoter sequence. (E) It keeps the core complex from dissociating.

17. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for the origin of multigene families? (A) Endosymbiosis (B) Horizontal gene transfer (C) Gene duplication (D) Bacterial conjugation (E) Convergent evolution of dissimilar genes

18. Which of the following is NOT required for Rec-A dependent recombination between two DNA molecules? (A) ATP hydrolysis (B) Mismatch repair (C) Ligation (D) Strand migration (E) DNA synthesis

19. The ribosome is involved in all of the following EXCEPT (A) peptide bond formation (B) tRNA aminoacylation (C) binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to mRNA (D) binding of mRNA at an initiation codon (E) binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequence

20. Operator constitutive mutants of the lac operon would (A) express the lac repressor constitutively. (B) block the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. (C) enhance the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. (D) prevent the inducer from binding to the repressor. (E) express ẞ-galactosidase constitutively.

21. Which of the following elements can function as eukaryotic promoters? a. a TATA box. b. an initiator element. c. CpG islands. d. start codon. (A) only a. (B) a and b. (C) a and c. (D) a, b and c. (E) a, b, c and d.

22. Which of the following elements are typical features of prokaryotic genes? a. polycistronic messenger RNAs b. complex transcription units c. introns (A) only a. (B) b and c. (C) a and c. (D) a, b and c. (E) none of the above.

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