12. Which one is NOT the biomarker of apoptosis?
(A) Cleaved PARP1
(B) Phosphatidylserine
(C) Nuclear DNA fragmentation
(D) TUNEL staining
(E) Caspase 8

13. During an action potential, which happens first? (A) opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels (B) opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels (C) closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels (D) opening of voltage-gated K+ channels (E) closing of voltage gated K+ channels

14. Which statement listed below regarding stem cells is correct? 　1. Stem cells can perform asymmetric cell division. 　2. Stem cells can be found in both mouse embryonic and adult tissues. 　3. Totipotent stem cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic or placental cells. 　4. Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm cells. (A) 1 and 2 are correct. (B) 1 and 3 are correct. (C) 1, 2, and 3 are correct. (D) 1, 2 and 4 are correct. (E) All of the above are correct.

15.The best primers for the PCR reaction have the following feature: (A) They have a high G-C content. (B) They have a high A-T content. (C) They should be palindromic. (D) The AT/GC ratio does not matter. (E) They should anneal rapidly, before the larger DNA strands reanneal.

16. Which one is not required for RNA quantification by using PCR? (A) Specific primers (B) Deoxynucleotides (C) Taq DNA polymerase (D) Genomic DNA (E) Complementary DNA

17. Which technique is not used to demonstrate DNA-protein interaction? (A) DNase I footprinting (B) Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (C) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (D) Southwestern blotting assay (E) Fingerprinting

18. Which statement listed below regarding a proteome or a transcriptome is correct? 　 1. A proteome is a collection of all the proteins produced in a given cell or tissue. 　 2. A proteome is an improperly digested protein responsible for certain diseases such as "mad cow" disease. 　 3. A transcriptome will reflect the protein expression levels for all expressed genes. 　 4. A transcriptome is a collection of all the genes being transcribed in a given cell or tissue at a given time. 　 5. A transcriptome is the mRNA transcribed to produce a fusion protein. (A) 1 and 4 are correct. (B) 2, 3 and 5 are correct. (C) 1, 4 and 5 are correct. (D) 1, 3 and 4 are correct. (E) All of above are correct.

19. Which of the following statements about regulation of the lac operon is true? (A) In the presence of lactose, the lac repressor, lacl, halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. (B) The gene product of lacZ is ẞ-galactosidase which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. (C) Glucose in the growth medium does not affect the inducibility by lactose. (D) Glucose in the growth medium increases the inducibility by lactose. (E) Its expression is regulated mainly at the level of translation.

20. Monozygous twins share a common genotype. According to previous report, gene expression microarray analysis showed the differential transcription profiles between twin pairs. What is not different in twin pairs? (A) 5-methylcytosine DNA (B) Histone acetylation (C) Histone methylation (D) DNA sequences (E) Fingerprint

21. Which statement is incorrect about translation regulation in eukaryotic mRNAs? (A) Translational regulation may play an important role in regulating very long eukaryotic genes. (B) Translational initiation factor eIF2 can be phosphorylated to activate translation. (C) Some proteins bind directly to 3'UTR of mRNA and act as translational repressors. (D) Proteins 4E-BPs are inactivated by phosphorylation. (E) micro-RNAs are able to inhibit translation.

22. There is a protein containing 456 amino acids and encoded by a gene with ten exons. Which statement you can obtain from the statement above? (A) The exon 10 contains 3'UTR of its mRNA. (B) The translation initiation site is located in exon 1. (C) The length of ten exons is 1368 nucleotides. (D) The length of ten exons is 1371 nucleotides. (E) The length of introns is shorter than exons.

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