19. What is the first step in the production of a siRNA?
(A) infection with a virus
(B) transcription from a nuclear gene
(C) design of an experimental treatment
(D) cleavage to form a short double-stranded RNA

20. The RNA sequences of some introns found in bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and some nuclear genes fold into 3-D structures that catalyze the removal of the introns. Therefore, the intron functions as a (A) ribozyme. (B) enzyme. (C) spliceosome. (D) guide.

21. In E. coli cells, when lactose is absent from the environment, (A) large amounts of b-galactosidase, lactose permease, and galactosidetransacetylase are made. (B) trace amounts of b-galactosidase, lactose permease, and galactosidetransacetylase are made. (C) no b-galactosidase, lactose permease, andgalactosidetransacetylas are made. (D) the lac operon is induced.

22. What happens when the cAMP-CAP complex binds the CAP site near the lac promoter? (A) Transcription rate decreases. (B) Transcription rate increases. (C) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. (D) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and transcription rate increases.

23. Sickle-cell anemia is a human disease that occurs as a result of what type of mutation in the b-globin gene? (A) silent (B) missense (C) nonsense (D) frameshift

24. MAPK and MEK are intracellular signaling proteins that mediate cell division induced by growth factors. When mutations in the normal MAPK and MEK genes result in an abnormally high level of MAPK and MEK activity and an increased rate of cell division, then the mutated gene is called a(n) (A) spliceosome. (B) transposon. (C) tumor-suppressor gene. (D) oncogene.

25. Colchicine is a toxin that binds to tubulin proteins and prevents microtubules from elongating. What effect might this have on dividing cells? (A) Cells will be able to complete mitosis, but cytokinesis will not occur. (B) Chromosomes will not be able to condense, so mitosis will not occur. (C) Sister chromatids will not be properly separated into separate daughter cells. (D) Replicated chromosomes will not be able to stick together, so sister chromatids will not properly sort into daughter nuclei.

26. A mutation occurs in a gene that encodes a G1 cyclin, such that the protein is unable to bind to its CDK. How will this affect the cell cycle? (A) The cell will be stuck in G1 and will not advance through the cell cycle. (B) The cell will replicate its DNA, but will be unable to progress through mitosis. (C) The cell will rapidly replicate its DNA and progress through mitosis, causing uncontrolled cell division, and leading to cancer. (D) The cell will proceed thru mitosis without replicating its DNA.

27. Imagine in lemmings, that gray fur color (G) is dominant over white (g). There is another gene, called color, and individuals must have at least one "C" allele for gray color to be expressed. You obtain a white lemming that is heterozygous for gray fur color. What is its genotype? (A) ggcc (B) GgCC (C) Ggcc (D) ggCc

28. In mice, the gene for insulin-like growth factor is imprinted. During embryonic development, only the paternal allele for insulin-like growth factor is expressed. This means (A) that the paternal allele is imprinted. (B) that the maternal allele is imprinted. (C) that the paternal allele is hyper-methylated. (D) that the paternal allele is mutated.

29. Future kidney cells and heart cells can differentiate into their respective specialized cell types because (A) they express a different set of genes during development. (B) they possess different genes. (C) they arise from different embryonic stem cells. (D) they express different genes and utilize different transcription factors during development.

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