21. Which of the following experimental methods is NOT commonly used to analyze mRNA expression?
(A) RT-PCR
(B) Western blot
(C) northern blot
(D) enhancer/promoter reporter assay

22. Which of the following statements about nucleosome is wrong? (A) It is only present in eukaryotes. (B) It is important for chromatin condensation/de-condensation (C) It is important for regulation of mRNA expression. (D) It directly associates with microtubules.

23. Knock-down of which one of the following does not directly influence protein translation? (A) TATA box binding protein (B) RNA polymerase I (C) rRNA (D) genes encoding ribosomal proteins

24. A __ is a piece of extrachromosomal DNA that has its own replication origin. (A) plasmid (B) operon (C) prophage (D) introns

25. The process by which the base sequence of all or a portion of a DNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule is called (A) replication. (B) transcription. (C) reverse transcription. (D) translation.

26. Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is called (A) transformation. (B) transduction. (C) transfection. (D) conjugation.

27. Restriction endonucleases in bacteria may have evolved in order to (A) carry out natural genetic engineering. (B) protect the bacteria from infection by viruses. (C) use nucleic acids as a food (energy) source. (D) All of the above

28. Which of the followings is NOT true of cloning vectors? (A) They usually contain multicloning sites or polylinkers. (B) They contain at least two replication origins. (C) They can be replicated within an appropriate host. (D) All of the above [Image]

29. In a promoter, what is the definition of position "+1"? (A) First nucleotide of open reading frame (B) RNA polymerase II transcription start site (C) Translation start site - ATG (D) Binding site of TATA box protein

30. Which is NOT true in a "promoter reporter assay"? (A) DNA sequence from a genomic region suspected of being able to drive transcription is fused with a reporter gene. (B) A reporter gene is a protein that gives a signal when the gene is expressed and the protein translated. (C) A series of sequential deletions of the sequence are made on reporter gene. (D) Followed by measurement of the reporter gene activity.

31. In CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the RNA-guide endonuclease will first engineer a DNA double strand breaks at specific genomic loci where precise editing could be achieve by - (A) Nucleotide excision repair (B) Mismatch repair (C) Base excision repair (D) Homology-directed repair

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