22. In eukaryotic cells, what modification is not required for processing precursor messenger RNA into mature mRNA?
(A) splicing
(B) 5'-capping
(C) 3'-polyadenylation
(D) duplication

23. What types of mutations could contribute to SNP in an organism? (A) insertion (B) deletion (C) translocation (D) point mutation

24. The high-throughput sequencing assay can NOT be applied to which type of studies? (A) genotyping (B) transcriptome (C) RNA expression level (D) protein expression level

25. The microarray assay can be used for what type of study? (A) gene expression profile (B) proteome (C) DNA replication (D) none of the above

26. What type of mutations could not result in the copy number variation (CNV)? (A) duplication (B) deletion (C) point mutation (D) none of above

27. Which of following methods could be used for studying protein-protein interactions? (A) microarray (B) ChIP-Seq (C) co-immunoprecipitation (D) all of them

28. A researcher identified a sequence of a novo gene from an unknown animal. What is the easiest way to guess the function of this novo gene? (A) put this gene into bacteria (B) BLAST this sequence (C) delete this gene in this animal (D) isolate the gene product

29. Which of the following factors is involved in proofreading during transcription in prokaryotes? (A) GreB (B) NusA (C) sigma-factor (D) rho-factor

30. A prokaryote experiment was conducted to determine the hairpin loop region in termination. Two DNA templates were prepared and used in an in vitro transcription assay. The samples were analyzed for release of the RNA polymerase. Construct 1 - hairpin sequence removed; Construct 2 - two copies of hairpin sequence inserted; Construct  3 - normal DNA with only one hairpin sequence The data from this experiment suggest that (A) hairpin loops are not required for termination. polymerase. (B) two hairpin loops rapidly destabilize the (C) the data are inconclusive. (D) additional hairpin loops increase the stability of the RNA:DNA hybrid.

31. Which of the following techniques is most useful in determining if RNA polymerase has initiated transcription from the lac DNA template in prokaryotes? (A) Southern analysis (B) RACE (C) run-off transcription assay (D) DNA fingerprinting

32. In the process of creating a trp operon mutant, the region for the riboswitch was accidentally deleted. Which of the following would be a likely observation in the transcription assays? (A) RNA polymerase cannot bind to the promoter. (C) Attenuation would be impaired. (B) The operon is permanently inhibited. (D) Termination would be triggered.

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