22. Which of the following modifications found on amino acids is also used to modify nucleic acids?
(A) Phosphorylation
(B) Glycosylation
(C) Methylation
(D) Acetylation
(E) Hydroxylation

複選題23. Which of the following describe an instance in which weak chemical bonds are useful in biological systems? (A) The bonding of antibodies to the antigens they recognize (B) Folding of proteins into their active conformation (C) Stabilization of DNA double-stranded helices (D) Formation of polypeptide chains through amide bond (E) A gecko's ability to climb surfaces such as glass

24. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the DNA helix proposed by Watson and Crick? (A) Double-stranded (B) Right-handed (C) Antiparallel (D) Complementary base pairing (E) Two grooves of equal dimensions

複選題25. Which of the following is a function of RNA? (A) Catalytic roles in translation and splicing (B) As transient carriers of genetic information. (C) As a carrier of amino acids to the site of protein synthesis. (D) Viral genomes having double-stranded RNA helices. (E) Targeting specificity in CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system

26. Why is green fluorescent protein (GFP) so useful in visualizing fusion proteins in eukaryotes? (A) The reaction is only dependent on the presence of GFP and one other cofactor. (B) It is easily cloned and expressed in eukaryotes. (C) The presence of just a few molecules of GFP fusion proteins can be sufficient for observing the proteins microscopically allowing the study of its location and movements in the cell. (D) It is derived from fire flies, which are easy to cultivate in the lab. (E) The GFP protein recognizes and binds to fusion proteins allowing the location of the fusion protein to be determined.

複選題27. Which of the following is correct regarding yeast three-hybrid analysis? (A) A useful tool in analyzing RNA-protein interactions (B) It contain a fusion protein of LexA, which binds the reporter construct, and MS2 which specifically binds an RNA tag that has been added to every RNA produced by the plasmid library. (C) It needs a plasmid library that contains random sequences from the genome tagged with a unique hairpin sequence that MS2 will bind. (D) It requires a reporter construct that contains a LexA operator (binding site) and a reporter gene. (E) It needs a fusion protein of the protein of interest and two tags - the calmodulin binding site and protein A.

28. Which of the following is a function of telomeres? (A) Serve as an attachment site for the proteins of the kinetochore. (B) They are sequences at the ends of the linear eukaryotic chromosome that protect the ends from proteases. (C) They are sequences of the eukaryotic chromosome that ensure proper distribution during mitosis. (D) In most eukaryotes, telomeres are protected from shortening by a protein-RNA complex called telomere terminal transferase. (E) Drosophila species maintain telomere lengths by the regulated insertion of retrotransposons into telomeres.

29. Which of the following is the function of histone H1? (A) Stabilizing nucleosomes (B) Promoting higher order chromosome structure (C) Modulating the repression of transcription by nucleosomes (D) Binding to regions undergoing active RNA synthesis (E) Mediating epigenetic regulation

複選題30. Which of the following is affected by the presence of epigenetic marks? (A) Development (B) Imprinting (C) X-chromosome inactivation (D) Maturation of RNA (E) Unique expression patterns in different cells

複選題31. Point mutations in the DNA sequence can cause: (A) silent mutation (B) missense mutation (C) nonsense mutation (D) frameshift mutations (E) none of the above

複選題32. Which of the following is/are a step in nonhomologous end joining? (A) Phosphorylation of the Ku70-Ku80 complex (B) Degradation of any single-strand overhangs or hairpins from the broken ends of the chromosomes to be repaired (C) Binding of the Ku70-Ku80 complex to the broken chromosome ends (D) Binding of a kinase and a nuclease to the Ku70-Ku80 complex on the DNA (E) None of the above

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