37. Which of the following normally utilize only glucose for energy during the post-absorptive state (at hungry)?
(A)liver cells
(B) fat cells
(C) white blood cells
(D)nervous cells

38. When the neuron expels potassium ions, (A) the inside of the cell loses positive ions and produces a positive shift in membrane potential (B) the inside of the cell loses negative ions and produces a negative shift in membrane potential (C) the inside of the cell loses positive ions and produces a negative shift in membrane potential (D) the inside of the cell loses negative ions and produces a positive shift in membrane potential

39. Osmosis: (A) involves the diffusion of water (B) can cause a cell to shrink when placed in a hypotonic solution (C) occurs through a non-permeable membrane (D) depends upon the chemical composition of solute particles rather than their total concentration

40. Which is incorrect? Membrane ion channels (A) permit movement of ions following electrochemical gradients (B) remain always open as long as the activating signal is present (C) for sodium may be blocked by tetrodotoxin (D) may be opened by a given change in transmembrane potential

41. Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly? (A) They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood (B) They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation (C) They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled (D) They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange

42. The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the: (A) troponin (B) reticulum (C) tropomyosin (D) sarcomere

43. Tendons: (A) connect bones to bones and are muscle tissues (B) connect muscles to bones and are muscle tissues (C) connect bones to bones and are connective tissues (D) connect muscles to bones and are connective tissues

44. Smooth muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they (A) may have gap junctions (B) are under voluntary control (C) lack myosin (D) lack actin

45. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding skeletal muscle contraction? (A) All motor units in a muscle usually contract simultaneously (B) Muscle contraction continues for long periods (e.g. ~1 sec) after nervous stimulation ceases (C) The initiation of contraction is dependent on troponin-action interaction (D) All muscle fibers in a motor unit usually contract simultaneously

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