39. Which of the following is a characteristic of the nervous system but not the endocrine system?
(A) Communication usually involves more than one type of signal.
(B) Signals generally coordinate gradual changes that affect the entire body.
(C) The signal is broadcast throughout the body.
(D) Signals are often long-lasting.
(E) Signals travel slowly, often taking many seconds to have an effect.

40. Because eukaryotic genes contain introns, their transcripts cannot be translated by bacteria, which lack RNA-splicing machinery. But if you want to engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, you can synthesize a gene without introns. A good way to do this is to (A) use a nucleic acid probe to find a gene without introns (B) work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns (C) alter the bacteria so that they can splice RNA (D) use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene (E) use a phage to insert the desired gene into a bacterium

41. X-linked genes differ from Y-linked genes in which of the following ways? (A) Sons and daughters have equal probabilities in inheriting a recessive allele of an X-linked gene from their mother, but only sons can inherit rare Y-linked genetic disorders from their father. (B) Only X-linked genes are technically sex-linked because Y-linked genes affect characteristics unrelated to sex. (C) Genes on the X chromosome are expressed only in females, and genes on the Y chromosome are expressed only in males. (D) Sons and daughters can inherit alleles of X-linked genes from fathers proportionally but only sons inherit alleles of Y-linked genes from their fathers. (E) Though most X-linked genes determine sex, Y-linked genes control for characters unrelated to sex.

42. Apoptosis involves all but which of the following? (A) cell-signaling pathways (B) digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells (C) activation of cellular enzymes (D) fragmentation of the DNA (E) lysis of the cell

43. How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system? (A) The molecular composition of their surface changes continually. (B) They reproduce so fast that they can compensate for the death rate caused by the immune system. (C) They live only in the cerebrospinal fluid, where the immune system can't reach them. (D) They specifically poison helper T cells. (E) All of the listed responses are correct.

44. What is the main abiotic reservoir for elements, such as calcium and phosphorus, involved in local biogeochemical cycles? (A) oceans. (B) wind. (C) the atmosphere. (D) rivers. (E) soil.

45. B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that (A) bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. (B) bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. (C) bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. (D) are active only in lymph nodes. (E) bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells.

46. If microorganisms penetrate the innate defenses, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the __________. (A) release of interferon by infected cells (B) discharge of cytokines from neutrophils (C) increased blood flow to an infected or injured area (D) accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area (E) release of chemicals such as histamine by mast cells

47. Which class of glial cells contribute most to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? (A) Schwann cells (B)ependymal cells (C)neurons (D)astrocytes (E)radial glia

48. The cell walls of fungal cells are composed of _____. (A) lignin (B) chitin (C) pectin (D) peptidoglycan (E) cellulose

49. Which of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus? (A) IgG (B) IgD (C) IgA (D) IgE (E) IgM

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