4. Regarding plant defense mechanisms against pathogens, which of the following describes a characteristic of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)?
(A) Cells at the infection site rapidly undergo apoptosis to limit pathogen spread.
(B) The plant produces large amounts of phytoalexins that act only in the localized infection area.
(C) Salicylic acid acts as a signaling molecule to induce a broad defense response in uninfected tissues.
(D) Elicitors secreted by pathogens directly alter the cell wall structure of infected cells.

5. In the regulation of plant hormones, apical dominance is primarily controlled by the antagonistic action between which two hormones? (A) Auxin and Ethylene (B) Auxin and Cytokinin (C) Gibberellin and Abscisic acid (D) Cytokinin and Salicylic acid

6. Which of the following plant characteristics or structures is present in both gymnosperms and angiosperms, but completely absent in ferns? (A) Vascular tissues such as xylem and phloem (B) A gametophyte capable of independent photosynthesis (C) The ability to produce seeds (D) Fruits developed from an ovary

7. In plant mineral deficiency symptoms, if older leaves first show chlorosis (yellowing) while younger leaves remain green, the plant is most likely deficient in which of the following elements? (A) Calcium ( Ca ) (B) Iron ( Fe ) (C) Magnesium ( Mg ) (D) Boron ( B )

8. Regarding the anatomical structure and function of plant roots, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) The Casparian strip in the endodermal cell walls blocks water from entering the vascular cylinder via the apoplastic route. (B) Lateral roots develop from pericycle cells that regain the ability to divide. (C) Root hairs are outward extensions of epidermal cells, functioning primarily to increase surface area for absorption. (D) The root cap is located behind the zone of elongation and is responsible for protecting the apical meristem.

9. Phytochrome is an important photoreceptor in plants, regulating various physiological responses. Which of the following statements about its mechanism is correct? (A) It primarily absorbs blue and ultraviolet light. (B) After absorbing red light, the Pr form converts to the physiologically active Pfr form. (C) After absorbing far-red light, it strongly promotes the germination of light-requiring seeds. (D) It is located in the chloroplast and directly participates in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

10. According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what is the driving force for the long-distance transport of phloem sap? (A) Negative pressure (tension) generated by leaf transpiration. (B) Active transport of sucrose into the sieve tube at the source, which lowers water potential and causes water uptake, generating local positive pressure. (C) Active water pumping at the sink, creating a massive capillary action. (D) High-speed cytoplasmic streaming driven by ATP within the sieve tube cells.

11. During the symbiotic nitrogen fixation between legumes and Rhizobium, the nitrogenase in the bacteria is highly sensitive to oxygen. How does the plant help resolve this issue? (A) The plant closes its root stomata to prevent soil oxygen from entering. (B) The plant synthesizes leghemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the microenvironment to maintain a low-oxygen state. (C) The plant converts oxygen into salicylic acid to provide as a carbon source for the bacteria. (D) Rhizobium itself secretes a thick Casparian strip to completely isolate oxygen.

12. Regarding the reproductive cycle of angiosperms, which of the following statements is correct? (A) A microspore mother cell undergoes mitosis to produce four microspores. (B) A mature pollen grain (male gametophyte) ready for fertilization typically contains one tube cell and two sperm cells. (C) The endosperm develops from the fusion of one sperm cell and two antipodal cells. (D) The four megaspores produced by the meiosis of a megaspore mother cell usually all survive and develop into embryo sacs.

13. In plant anatomy and morphology, which of the following characteristics is most appropriate for distinguishing between typical monocots and dicots? (A) The arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem: scattered versus in a ring. (B) Whether they reproduce by seeds. (C) Whether they exhibit alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte. (D) Whether photosynthesis relies on chlorophyll a and b.

14. The opening and closing of stomata are mainly controlled by changes in turgor pressure within the guard cells. When stomata are about to open, which of the following ion transport events occurs first in the guard cells? (A) Potassium ions (K⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell. (B) Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell, establishing a membrane potential. (C) Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) flood into the cell, directly activating aquaporins. (D) Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are actively pumped out of the cell.

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