9. Select the direct consequences of ocean acidification for coral reef systems.
(A) Bleaching of corals
(B)Decreased algal production
(C) Reduced dispersal of coral larvae
(D)Reduce calcification and increase dissolution

1. Definition of ecosystem is: (A) The community of organisms together with the environment in which they live (B)The abiotic component of a habitat (C) The part of the earth and its atmosphere which inhibits living organisms (D)A community of organisms interacting with one other

2. What best describes the meiofauna? (A) Meiofauna are photosynthetic dinoflagellates living in symbiosis with corals (B)Meiofauna are sediment-associated organisms intermediate in size between the microbes and macrofauna (C) Meiofauna are planktonic organisms living in the water column (D) Meiofauna are microscopic organisms living in the gut of marine vertebrates

3. Sea urchins are classifed under: (A) Foraminifera (B)Mollusks (C) Brachiopods (D)Echinodermata

4. Which of the following fishes do not have a swim bladder? (A) Parrotfish (B)Clownfish (C) Shark (D)Surgeonfish

5. Algae are photosynthetic organisms. What is the correct equation of photosynthesis reaction: (A) (B) (C) (D)CO2+ H2O→ HCO3

6. The relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place is defined as: (A) Competition (B)Commensalism (C) Mutualism (D)Protocooperation

7. The possibility for the ecosystems to exist under multiples "states" refer to the theory of: (A) Alternative stable states (B)Intermediate disturbance (C) Changes (D)Evolution

8. An inshore reef near a highly-populated area experienced increased levels of coastal runoff. The long-term reduction in coral cover experienced by the reef was most likely caused by an increase of the: (A) Availability of light (B)Population of macroalgae (C) Frequency of coral disease (D)Frequency of bleaching susceptibility

10. Select the most relevant list of criteria to design marine protected areas. (A) Production, fish biomass,fishing (B)Connectivity, coverage, enforcement (C) Aesthetic values, recreational activities, fishing (D)Convenience, inexpensive, practical

40. Which of the following statements about the intermediate disturbance hypothesis is correct: (A) Species evenness is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance. (B) Originally proposed by Robert MacArthur. (C) Low levels of disturbance result in low species richness due to competitive exclusion. (D) High levels of disturbance result in high species richness due to fluctuating environments that favor different types of species.

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