1. Increasing use of collaborations as problem-solving and service delivery mechanisms coincides with attention to “governance.” Indeed, part of the attraction that discussions of governance hold is that it fits a world in which governing no longer is confined to public institutions. The term signals awareness that concern for public well-being and the capacity for public problem solving must extend beyond government bodies if elected officials and public managers are to meet citizens’ expectations and needs. In other words, those involved in cross-sector collaborations should ensure that the effort creates significant public value, viewed broadly as that which is valued by the public and is good for the public, as assessed against various public value criteria such as public benefit and fairness. (15%)

2. It is generally believed that public employees are motivated by a sense of service not found among private employees. They are seen as motivated by a concern for the community and a desire to serve the public interest and are more likely to be characterized by an ethic that prioritizes intrinsic rewards over extrinsic rewards. The concept of public service motivation (PSM) is used to explain the difference between public and private employees. In recent years, a significant amount of research has examined the topic of PSM. The primary focus of recent studies on PSM has been on identifying the nature of PSM and exploring whether it is characteristic of civil servants. However, the measurement of PSM is not fully examined. Perry (1996) identified a multidimensional scale to measure PSM that has four components: attraction to policy making (APM), commitment to public interest(CPI), compassion (COM), and self-sacrifice (SS). Perry’s measurement scale represents the generally accepted model of PSM within the United States, but there is little research on the generalizability and applicability of the dimensions and scale of PSM in the other countries. National culture may influence the construct of PSM in North American studies, and it is an empirical question whether it is possible to measure PSM in a different cultural context using the same approach. A major concern about using a scale developed in another country is its validity across societies. An important step in establishing the generalizability of PSM is to assess its applicability in other countries. (20%)

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