所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)◆細胞生物學
1. What is the diameter of microtubules? (A) 15 nm (B) 20 nm (C) 25 nm (D) 30 nm (E) 35 nm
2. What is the smallest subunit of a microtubule? (A) tubulin (B) alpha-tubulin (C) beta-tubulin (D) alpha/beta-tubulin (E) protofilament
3. What is the angle of a branched actin filament powered by Arp2/3? (A) 45 degrees (B) 70 degrees (C) 90 degrees (D) 100 degrees (E) 120 degrees
4. Which actin binding protein depolymerizes actin at the plus-end? (A) Gelsolin (B) Profilin (C) ADF/Cofilin (D) Myosin (E) Formin
5. Which actin binding protein makes the tightest bundles such as in microvilli? (A) Alpha-actinin (B) Fimbrin (C) Filamin (D) Spectrin (E) Formin
6. What is the smallest subunit of a muscle? (A) Muscle fiber (B) Muscle fibril (C) Actin (D) Myosin (E) Sarcomere
7. Where do we find basal bodies? (A) Stress Fiber (B) Filopodia (C) Microvilli (D) Stereocilia (E) Primary cilia
8. Which process needs GTP? (A) Actin polymerization (B) Tubulin polymerization (C) Dynein movement (D) Kinesin movement (E) Myosin movement
9. Which drug stabilizes microtubules? (A) Colchicine (B) Nocodazole (C) Latrunculin (D) Taxol (E) Phalloidin
10. In which cell type can we find keratin? (A) Muscle cell (B) Fibroblasts (C) Hair cell (D) Neurons (E) Nuclear envelope
11. Where do we find troponin? (A) In thin filaments (B) In thick filaments (C) In microvilli (D) Bound to tubulin (E) Bound to desmin
12. What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? (A) It's a neuromuscular junction (B) It is to channel the action potentials in muscles (C) It's the membrane of myofibrils (D) It is to store calcium (E) It is to store ATP
13. In smooth muscle cells what is needed to activate myosin? (A) Nerve impulse or hormone signal (B) Calcium (C) Calmodulin (D) MLCK (E) All of above
14. In cell-cell adhesion what do integrins bind? (A) Glycoproteins (B) P-Selectin (C) E-Cadherin (D) N-CAM (E) ICAM
15. What is a primary physiological role of aquaporins in plant cells? (A) They facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. (B) They transport ions to help establish and maintain electrochemical gradients. (C) They enable the rapid movement of water molecules across the membrane, essential for maintaining turgor pressure. (D) They are involved in the synthesis of ATP through proton gradients. (E) They facilitate the passive diffusion of amino acids necessary for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
16. What antibodies are found in a person with blood type A? (A) Anti-A antibodies (B) Anti-B antibodies (C) Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies (D) No antibodies (E) All of above
17. Which of the following would yield the most highly mobile phospholipid (listed as number of carbons and number of double bonds, respectively)? (A) 24 carbons with one double bond (B) 15 carbons with two double bonds (C) 20 carbons with two double bonds (D) 16 carbons with no double bond (E) 20 carbons with one double bonds
18. What is the function of the cell surface's carbohydrate layer? (A) Energy storage (B) DNA replication (C) Protein transport (D) Cell-cell recognition (E) Nutrient absorption
19. Which of the following cellular responses does NOT normally occur as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR)? (A) Upregulation of ER chaperone proteins (B) Temporary inhibition of global protein synthesis (C) Expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (D) Induction of apoptosis when ER stress is severe or prolonged (E) Increased transport of misfolded proteins to lysosomes
20. Which of the following molecules can diffuse rapidly across the lipid bilayer? (A) Glucose (B) K⁺ (C) O₂ (D) Amino acids (E) Na⁺
21. In a resting animal cell, what is the typical state of the K⁺ leak channels? (A) Closed and unresponsive to external stimuli (B) Open, allowing K⁺ to move down its concentration gradient (C) Active, transporting K⁺ into the cell (D) Open, transporting K⁺ against its concentration gradient (E) Inactivated, preventing K⁺ movement
22. Where does glycosylation of proteins initially occur? (A) In the cytosol (B) In the Golgi apparatus (C) In the endoplasmic reticulum (D) In the plasma membrane (E) In the ribosomes
23. A drug that specifically inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels would most directly inhibit (A) depolarization of nerve cell membranes. (B) repolarization after depolarization of nerve cell membranes. (C) hyperpolarization of nerve cell membranes. (D) presynaptic neurotransmitter release. (E) postsynaptic receptor signal response.
24. What is the driving force for the secondary active transport mechanism? (A) Concentration gradients of ions like Na⁺ or H⁺ (B) Hydrolysis of ATP (C) Light energy (D) Phosphorylation (E) Hydrolysis of glucose
25. Both excitatory and inhibitory neurons form junctions with muscles. By what mechanism do inhibitory neurotransmitters prevent the postsynaptic cell from firing an action potential? (A) By closing Na⁺ channels (B) By preventing the secretion of excitatory neurotransmitters (C) By opening K⁺ channels (D) By opening Cl⁻ channels (E) By blocking voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels
II. Short-Answer Questions (50%)1. Explain the cellular mechanism by which botulinum toxin A (Botox) acts to cause muscle paralysis (5%).
A) Identify one specific structural difference between collagen and procollagen.
B) Indicate the location where procollagen is converted into collagen.
C) Describe how this conversion occurs.
A) Identify one specific structural difference between insulin and proinsulin.
B) Indicate the location where proinsulin is converted into insulin.
A) Please briefly describe the three main classes of membrane proteins.
B) What should the scientist conclude about protein B? Explain your answer.
A) From inspection of these sequences, what is the most likely targeting receptor responsible for the transfer of Pseudomonas toxin from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum?
B) What coat protein complex is most likely required for this transfer? Explain your answer.
A) What is the downstream 2nd messenger of the Gαs protein?
B) How would this mutation affect the cellular concentration of this 2nd messenger?
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