13. In smooth muscle cells what is needed to activate myosin?
(A) Nerve impulse or hormone signal
(B) Calcium
(C) Calmodulin
(D) MLCK
(E) All of above

14. In cell-cell adhesion what do integrins bind? (A) Glycoproteins (B) P-Selectin (C) E-Cadherin (D) N-CAM (E) ICAM

15. What is a primary physiological role of aquaporins in plant cells? (A) They facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. (B) They transport ions to help establish and maintain electrochemical gradients. (C) They enable the rapid movement of water molecules across the membrane, essential for maintaining turgor pressure. (D) They are involved in the synthesis of ATP through proton gradients. (E) They facilitate the passive diffusion of amino acids necessary for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

16. What antibodies are found in a person with blood type A? (A) Anti-A antibodies (B) Anti-B antibodies (C) Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies (D) No antibodies (E) All of above

17. Which of the following would yield the most highly mobile phospholipid (listed as number of carbons and number of double bonds, respectively)? (A) 24 carbons with one double bond (B) 15 carbons with two double bonds (C) 20 carbons with two double bonds (D) 16 carbons with no double bond (E) 20 carbons with one double bonds

18. What is the function of the cell surface's carbohydrate layer? (A) Energy storage (B) DNA replication (C) Protein transport (D) Cell-cell recognition (E) Nutrient absorption

19. Which of the following cellular responses does NOT normally occur as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR)? (A) Upregulation of ER chaperone proteins (B) Temporary inhibition of global protein synthesis (C) Expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (D) Induction of apoptosis when ER stress is severe or prolonged (E) Increased transport of misfolded proteins to lysosomes

20. Which of the following molecules can diffuse rapidly across the lipid bilayer? (A) Glucose (B) K⁺ (C) O₂ (D) Amino acids (E) Na⁺

21. In a resting animal cell, what is the typical state of the K⁺ leak channels? (A) Closed and unresponsive to external stimuli (B) Open, allowing K⁺ to move down its concentration gradient (C) Active, transporting K⁺ into the cell (D) Open, transporting K⁺ against its concentration gradient (E) Inactivated, preventing K⁺ movement

22. Where does glycosylation of proteins initially occur? (A) In the cytosol (B) In the Golgi apparatus (C) In the endoplasmic reticulum (D) In the plasma membrane (E) In the ribosomes

23. A drug that specifically inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels would most directly inhibit (A) depolarization of nerve cell membranes. (B) repolarization after depolarization of nerve cell membranes. (C) hyperpolarization of nerve cell membranes. (D) presynaptic neurotransmitter release. (E) postsynaptic receptor signal response.

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