12. Which of the following does not involve cyclic AMP?
(A) Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown
(B) Regulation of glycolysis
(C) Signaling by acetylcholine
(D) Signaling by epinephrine
(E) Signaling by glucagon

13. During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is (A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate  glycerol 3-phosphate (B) glucose 6-phosphate  fructose 6-phosphate (C) isocitrate  -ketoglutarate (D) oxaloacetate  malate (E) pyruvate  lactate

14. An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is (A) 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (B) glucose 6-phosphatase (C) hexokinase (D) phosphofructokinase-1 (E) pyruvate kinase

15. The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of (A) 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8 mol of CO2 (B) 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2 (C) 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2 (D) 4 mol of pentose, 3 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2 (E) 4 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 6 mol of CO2

16 Which of the below is not required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA? (A) ATP (B) CoA-SH (C) FAD (D) Lipoic acid (E) NAD+

17 The reaction of the citric acid cycle that produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) by substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of (A) citrate to isocitrate (B) fumarate to malate (C) malate to oxaloacetate (D) succinate to fumarate (E) succinyl-CoA to succinate

18 What is the correct order of function of the following enzymes of  oxidation? 1. β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2. Thiolase 3. Enoyl-CoA hydratase 4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (A) 1, 2, 3, 4 (B) 3, 1, 4, 2 (C) 4, 3, 1, 2 (D) 1, 4, 3, 2 (E) 4, 2, 3, 1

19 Which substance is not involved in the production of urea from NH4+ via the urea cycle? (A) Aspartate (B) ATP (C) Carbamoyl phosphate (D) Malate (E) Ornithine

20 Antimycin A blocks electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1. If intact mitochondria were incubated with antimycin A, excess NADH, and an adequate supply of O2, which of the following would be found in the oxidized state? (A) Coenzyme Q (B) Cytochrome a3 (C) Cytochrome b (D) Cytochrome e (E) Cytochrome f

21. Which of the following is correct concerning the mitochondrial ATP synthase? (A) It can synthesize ATP after it is extracted from broken mitochondria (B) It catalyzes the formation of ATP even though the reaction has a large positive △G'° (C) It consists of F0 and F1 subunits, which are transmembrane (integral) polypeptides (D) It is actually an ATPase and only catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP (E) When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the G'° is actually close to zero

22. The enzymatic machinery to fix atmospheric N2 into NH4+ is (A) a means of producing ATP when excess N2 is available (B) composed of two key proteins, each containing iron (C) relatively stable when exposed to O2 (D) specific to plant cells (E) unaffected by the supply of electrons

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