12. Which of these compounds is not synthesized by a pathway that includes isoprene precursors?
(A) Natural rubber
(B) Plastoquinone
(C) Vitamin A
(D) Vitamin B₁₂
(E) Vitamin K

13. Which of the following statements about the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into NH3 by living cells is false? (A) It involves the transfer of 8 electrons per mol of N2. (B) It occurs in certain microorganisms, but not in humans. (C) It requires a source of electrons, normally ferredoxin. (D) It requires one ATP per mol of N2 fixed. (E) It requires two key protein components, each containing iron.

14. The ABC excinuclease is essential in:(A) base-excision repair.(B) methyl-directed repair.(C) mismatch repair.(D) nucleotide-excision repair.(E) SOS repair.

15. Which one of the following statements about mRNA stability is true?(A) Degradation always proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction.(B) Degradation of mRNA by polynucleotide phosphorylase yields 5'-nucleoside monophosphates.(C) In general, bacterial mRNAs have longer half-lives than do eukaryotic mRNAs.(D) Rates of mRNA degradation are always at least ten-fold slower than rates of mRNA synthesis.(E) Secondary structure in mRNA (hairpins, for example) slows the rate of degradation.

16. Which statement about the cell cycle in eukaryotes is true?(A) In S phase, the cells contain two copies of each chromosome, the normal dipoid state of a cell(B) During G1 phase, the DNA is replicated and form chromatin structures.(C) During cytokinesis, chromatids have been separated into two cells and the nuclear envelope reforms(D) During G2 phase, the spindle forms and each chromosome aligns independently for seperation

17. Amino acids are ampholytes because they can function as either a(n):(A) neutral molecule or an ion.(B) polar or a nonpolar molecule.(C) standard or a nonstandard monomer in proteins.(D) acid or a base.(E) transparent or a light-absorbing compound.

18. There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct? (A) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1. (B) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. (C) The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction is exergonic. (D) The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. (E) This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.

19. The major component of cell membrane is the phospholipids bilayer. Therefore, the fluidity of cell membrane could be generally increased by: (A) a decrease in temperature. (B) an increase in fatty acyl chain length. (C) an increase in the number of double bonds in fatty acids. (D) an increase in the percentage of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (E) the binding of water to the fatty acyl side chains.

20. In an equilibrium biochemical reaction of A+B←→C+D, dG=-10 kj/mole What will the final content in the reaction? (A) A+B＞C+D Applying what you known 40% (B)C+D＞A+B (C)only contain C and D (D)only contain A and B

1. Which kind of gradian is generated in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?(A) H+ (B) OH- (C) Na+ (D) Cl- (E) Mg2+

2. Which of following compounds is NOT ketone bodies? (A) acetoacetate (B) acetone (C) acetonitrile (D) β-hydroxybutyrate

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