13. Which one is incorrect?

(A)DNA footprinting reveals the sites where RNA binds on a DNA molecule.

(B)To determine the three-dimensional structure of a protein at atomic resolution, large proteins have to be crystallized and studied by x-ray diffraction.

(C)The structure of small proteins in solution can be determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

(D)Because proteins with similar structures often have similar functions, the biochemical activity of a protein can sometimes be predicted by searching for known proteins that are similar in their amino acid sequences.

14. Which one is incorrect?(A)Transcription initiation by Pol I is directed by a core promoter element, which overlaps the start site, and an upstream control element (UCE). It requires two general transcription factors, SL1 and UBF.(B)Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase I is most often directed by internal promoter elements. Two general transcription factors are required to initiate transcription of tRNA genes (TFIIIC and TFIIIB); an additional factor (TFIIIA) also is required to initiate transcription of 5S-rRNA genes.(C)Transcription initiation by all three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases requires a polymerase-specific general transcription factor that contains TBP as a subunit.(D)Initiation by Pol I and Pol III does not require ATP hydrolysis, whereas initiation by Pol II depends on ATP hydrolysis.

15. Which one is incorrect?(A)Bacteriophage T7 and related bacteriophage express a simple monomeric RNA polymerase. These polymerases recognize a 23-bp promoter region that includes the start site.(B)Mitochondria contain circular DNAs transcribed by a nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase composed of two subunits. One subunit is homologous to the simple bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase; the other resembles bacterial σ factors.(C)Chloroplasts contain DNA that is transcribed by a chloroplast-encoded RNA polymerase homologous to bacterial RNA polymerases, except that it lacks a σ factor.(D)Archaeans utilize a multisubunit RNA polymerase that resembles the eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases. Transcription initiation in archaeal cells requires a protein, homologous to eukaryotic TBP, that binds to an G/C-rich promoter element just upstream from the start site and a protein homologous to TFIIB.

16. Which one is incorrect?(A)In eukaryotic genomes, cis-acting control elements that regulate transcription from a promoter often are located many kilobases away from the start site. In contrast, bacterial control elements generally lie within 60 base pairs of the promoters they regulate.(B)RNA polymerase I synthesizes only pre-rRNA. RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs that participate in mRNA splicing. RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, 5S rRNA, and several relatively short, stable RNAs.(C)RNA polymerase II usually initiates transcription of genes at a specific base pair or alternative neighboring base pairs in a DNA template. The 3' nucleotide that is capped in an mRNA corresponds to the nucleotide in the template strand at which transcription is initiated.(D)Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression in eukaryotes, as it is in bacteria.

17. Which one is incorrect?(A)Generally, proteolytic maturation occurs in secretory or transport vesicles carrying proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface.(B)Generally, ER signal sequences are located at the C-terminus and are cleaved from the protein in the rough ER lumen.(C)Secretory proteins, enzymes destined for the ER, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, and integral plasma-membrane proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough ER. Synthesis of this class of proteins is initiated on membrane-unattached ribosomes.(D)In both nuclear export and import, the protein to be transported contains a specific amino acid sequence that functions as a nuclear-export signal (NES) or a nuclear-localization signal (NLS). Nucleus-restricted proteins contain a NLS but not a NES, whereas proteins that shuttle between the nucleus and cytosol contain both signals.

18. The division of the nucleus is called(A)cytokinesis(B)S phase(C)G1 phase(D)Mitosis

19. The phase during which DNA is replicated is called(A)G1(B)S phase(C)prophase(D)telophase

20. Sister chromatids are ________.(A)two copies of the same exact chromosome held together by a centromere(B)pairs of chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad(C)small pieces of DNA that code for specific proteins(D)like a single codon that codes for an amino acid

21. Which of the following is NOT a reason for cell division in multicellular organisms?(A)growth(B)repair(C)nutrition(D)reproduction

22. Paracrine signaling(A)involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.(B)requires nerve cells to release a neurotransmitter into the synapse.(C)occurs only in paracrine yeast cells.(D)has been found in plants but not animals.(E)involves mating factors attaching to target cells and causing production of new paracrine cells.

23. Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects by influencing what structures in the cell membrane?(A)tyrosine-kinases receptors(B)ligand-gated ion channel receptors(C)growth factors(D)G proteins

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