15. In a double-stranded nucleic acid, cytosine typically base-pairs with:

(A)adenosine.

(B)guanine.

(C)inosine.

(D)thymine.

(E) uracil.

16.Compounds that generate nitrous acid (such as nitrites, nitrates, and nitrosamines) change DNA molecules by:(A)breakage of phosphodiester bonds.(B)deamination of bases.(C)depurination.(D)formation of thymine dimers.(E) transformation of A→T.

17. Peripheral membrane proteins:(A)are generally noncovalently bound to membrane lipids.(B)are usually denatured when released from membranes.(C)can be released from membranes only by treatment with detergent(s).(D)may have functional units on both sides of the membrane.(E) penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer.

18.The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by anet gain of:(A)1 mol of ATP.(B)1 mol of NADH.(C)2 mol of ATP.(D)2 mol of NADH.(E) none of the above.

19. Glycolysis in the erythrocyte produces pyruvate that is further metabolized to:(A)CO2.(B)ethanol.(C)glucose.(D)hemoglobin.(E) lactate.

20. Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase?(A)ATP(B)Cu2+(C)heme(D)NAD+(E) NADР+

21. Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is correct?(A)It generates 36 mol of ATP per mole of glucose consumed.(B)It generates 6 moles of CO2 for each mole of glucose consumed(C)It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH.(D)It is present in plants, but not in animals.(E) It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides.

22. The glycogen-branching enzyme catalyzes:(A)degradation of (a1→4) linkages in glycogen(B)formation of (a1→ 4) linkages in glycogen.(C)formation of (a1→ 6) linkages during glycogen synthesis.(D)glycogen degradation in tree branches.(E) removal of unneeded glucose residues at the ends of branches.

23. Gluconeogenesis must use "bypass reactions" to circumvent three reactions in the glycolytic pathway that are highly exergonic and essentially irreversible. Reactions carried out by which three of the enzymes listed must be bypassed in the gluconeogenic pathway?1) Hexokinase2) Phosphoglycerate kinase3) Phosphofructokinase-14) Pyruvate kinase5) Triosephosphate isomerase(A)1,2,3(B)1, 2,4(C)1,4,5(D)1,3,4(E) 2, 3, 4

24. Which of the following is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle?(A)Acetyl-coA(B)Citrate(C)Oxaloacetate(D)Succinyl-coA(E) a-Ketoglutarate

25. Transport of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix requires:(A)ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A.(B)ATP, carnitine, and pyruvate dehydrogenase.(C)ATP, coenzyme A, and hexokinase.(D)ATP, coenzyme A, and pyruvate dehydrogenase.(E) carnitine, coenzyme A, and hexokinase.

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