18. The ends of a retrovirus genome are arranged as__________.
(A) direct repeats
(B) LTRs of inverted sequence
(C) directly repeated LTRs
(D) short inverted repeats

19. Nucleosomes are__________.(A) found in all organisms (B) formed by DNA and histones(C) assembled only during transcription (D) the places where ribosome assembled

20. Deamination of cytosine will generate a__________ base.(A) G (B) A (C) T (D) U

21. A variation that does not involve a change in DNA sequence but can be passed from one generation to another is a(n)__________.(A) enhancer trap (B) replication origin (C) epigenetic condition (D) mutant chromosome

22. All of the following are associated with the formation of a functional miRNA except(A) lack of an open reading frame (ORF). (B) 5' GTP cap and 3' poly A tail.(C) stem-loop structures. (D) translation on ribosomes.

23. Mutations introduced into reporter constructs are used to study(A) the DNA sequences that are important for regulating gene expression levels.(B) the effects on cell function of expression of heterologous proteins.(C) colorimetric assays.(D) protein protein interactions.

24. A cis-acting DNA sequence that modulates the basal rate of transcription of a gene is termed a(n)_______.(A) initiator (B) activator (C) promoter (D) enhancer

25. Zinc-finger peptide motifs are responsible for what aspect of protein function?(A) kinase activity (B) DNA binding (C) mRNA splicing (D) methylation

26. How are complex processes such as sporulation, synthesis of flagella, and nitrogen fixation that require the transcription ofmultiple sets of genes regulated in bacteria?(A) Multiple operons are simultaneously induced.(B) Cascades of sigma factors synthesized in a temporal order, allow the turning on of successive sets of genes.(C) The end product of one operon is used as an inducer of the next operon in sequence.(D) There are single operons consisting of many genes for each of these processes.

27. As a general principle of gene regulation through operons, regulatory genes encode(A) trans-acting proteins that interact with cis-acting DNA elements.(B) cis-acting proteins that interact with cis-acting DNA elements.(C) cis-acting proteins that interact with trans-acting DNA elements.(D) trans-acting proteins that interact with trans-acting DNA elements.

28. In the regulation of the trp operon, tryptophan acts as a(n)__________.(A) repressor (B) attenuator (C) activator (D) corepressor

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