19. The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species?

(A) crossing over only

(B) independent assortment only

(C) crossing over and random fertilization

(D) nothing else

20. The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the __ (A) hypothalamus (B) epithalamus (C) amygdala (D) Broca's area

21. Two genes are located on different chromosomes. Which event during meiosis is primarily responsible for generating different combinations of maternal and paternal alleles in the gametes? (A) Synapsis of homologous chromosomes during prophase I (B) Random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I (C) Separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II (D) Crossing over between nonsister chromatids

22. A mutation eliminates the activity of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway. The substrate accumulates to toxic levels, while the product becomes deficient. Which treatment strategy would most directly address both consequences of the mutation? (A) Increase the intake of the substrate (B) Restrict the intake of the substrate and supplement the product (C) Increase ATP production in affected cells (D) Stimulate expression of unrelated metabolic enzymes

23. One key adaptation that enabled plants to colonize land was the retention of the developing embryo within maternal tissues. What advantage did this adaptation provide? (A) Increased dispersal distance (B) Reduced mutation rate (C) Nutritional support and protection during development (D) Increased pollen production

24. You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? (A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. (B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. (C) It is probably a monocot. (D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

25. The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to (A) lignin (B) cellulose (C) secondary compounds (D) sporopollenin

26. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? (A) a guard cell (B) the root epidermis (C) the endodermis (D) the root cortex

27. A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if (A) the mineral is a micronutrient. (B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. (C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. (D) the mineral is a macronutrient.

28. Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of I) an autocrine signal II) a paracrine signal III) an endocrine signal (A) only I and II (B) only II and III (C) only I and III (D) I, II, and III

29. Which of the following statements are correct? I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. (A) only II and III (B) only I and III (C) only III and IV (D) only I and IV

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