39. The word "differentiation" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _____.
(A)separation between management and franchisees
(B)distinctive quality that sets a brand apart
(C)difference in pricing across stores
(D)variety of products offered

40. It can be inferred from the passage that Michael Porter's theory suggests that _____. (A)firms that fail to commit to a clear strategic position tend to struggle (B)companies in the middle of the market outperform their competitors (C)successful companies usually combine low cost and distinctive value (D)differentiation is more important than cost control in retail businesses

41. What is the central theme of the passage？ (A)Technological systems inevitably diminish human autonomy. (B)The influence of algorithms is limited to information retrieval processes. (C)Technological innovation primarily enhances efficiency and social interaction. (D)The expansion of digital technologies reshapes human agency and decision-making.

42. The term “filter bubbles” most nearly refers to: (A)Algorithmically curated environments that restrict exposure to diverse viewpoints (B)Technical limitations that prevent access to accurate information (C)Digital platforms designed to increase user engagement (D)Personalized systems that enhance the quality of information selection

43. What risk is associated with algorithmic mediation of decisions？ (A)It increases users’ awareness of alternative perspectives. (B)It reduces the need for human judgment in routine tasks. (C)It may discourage critical evaluation of information and choices. (D)It improves the efficiency of information processing.

44. According to the article, the impact of technology on human agency is best understood as: (A)Inherently deterministic and largely irreversible (B)Contingent upon the ways in which technologies are designed and used (C)Uniformly beneficial across different social contexts (D)Negligible in shaping patterns of human behavior

45. Which approach does the author most strongly endorse？ (A)Restricting the development of algorithmic systems (B)Encouraging passive reliance on automated decision-making (C)Promoting transparency, digital literacy, and reflective engagement (D)Prioritizing efficiency over critical awareness in technological use

46. What is the primary purpose of the passage？ (A)To problematize behaviorist assumptions by contrasting them with contemporary cognitive perspectives (B)To advocate for the replacement of traditional teaching methods with retrieval-based approaches (C)To synthesize key findings in cognitive science and examine their implications for instructional practice (D)To evaluate competing theories of learning and determine their relative empirical validity

47. The “testing effect” is most accurately characterized as evidence that: (A)Retrieval-induced strengthening of memory traces surpasses the benefits of repeated exposure (B)Frequent assessment enhances motivation, thereby indirectly improving retention (C)Repeated retrieval consolidates procedural knowledge more effectively than declarative knowledge (D)The act of testing functions primarily as a diagnostic rather than a learning mechanism

48. In the context of the article, excessive cognitive load is problematic because it: (A)Interferes with the allocation of attentional resources necessary for schema construction (B)Limits learners’ capacity to engage in metacognitive monitoring during task performance (C)Disrupts the integration of prior knowledge with newly presented information (D)Exceeds the processing constraints of working memory, thereby impeding learning

49. The reference to “real classrooms” primarily serves to: (A)Underscore the ecological validity of cognitive science research findings (B)Highlight the necessity of mediating theoretical principles through professional judgment (C)Challenge the generalizability of experimental research conducted under controlled conditions (D)Emphasize the role of contextual variables in determining instructional effectiveness

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