41. Which of the following best characterizes the author’s philosophical stance regarding the assessment of urban vitality?


(A) Holistic and sociological, asserting that the resilience of a metropolis is fundamentally predicated on the robustness of its informal communal ties.

(B) Nostalgic and protectionist, advocating for the total restoration of traditional physical libraries as the sole remedy for “touristification.”

(C) Empirical and utilitarian, prioritizing the expansion of high-efficiency transit networks as the primary metric for systemic health.

(D) Skeptical and dismissive, suggesting that the psychological well-being of inhabitants is an intangible factor that complicates objective urban planning.

There has been an increase in animal conservation efforts over the last 50 years, and human intervention has helped the population of many animal species to recover. The four success stories below show that while humans have often been instrumental in condemning a species to death, we are also able to bring species back from the brink of extinction.

## Whales

During the past two centuries many species of whales have been commercially hunted, primarily for their meat and fats. After commercial hunting was banned internationally, many whale populations began to recover. For example, more than 1,700 blue whales can now be found off the Pacific coast of North America. Some 200,000 humpback whales were killed in southern seas alone in the 20th century, and an estimated 95% of its population wiped out, but they now number approximately 8,000. Gray whales, fin whales, and bowhead whales have all seen an increase in their numbers. Not every country signed or complies with the treaty banning the hunting of whales, but the recovery of whale numbers has proven the effectiveness of the ban. However, the plight of the whales is not over, and while some species have healthy numbers, others remain vulnerable.

## The Otter

Over 30 years ago, otters in Britain were believed to be nearly extinct. They once lived all over the country, but by the 1970s only small remnants of once large populations were found. Today, however, they can be found across the entire country, and number in the thousands. Their recovery is the result of a successful ban on a type of pesticide in the 1970s. Improved water quality in rivers has made their watery habitat cleaner and healthier for the animals. Otters were also placed on the government's protected species list. Sadly, the biggest threat to otters today is urbanization. Many otters risk their lives crossing busy roads to get from one river stream to the next, and many end up being hit by vehicles. Conservationists have persuaded the government to build special tunnels in certain areas to help otters make the crossing.

## The Golden Lion Tamarin

The golden lion tamarin is a small monkey known for its vibrant golden fur and sociable nature. They are native to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, and are a national symbol for the country. Thirty years ago there were fewer than 200 of these tiny monkeys. Thanks to the National Zoo, other zoos, conservation organizations, and Brazil's government, there are now about 1,600 living in the wild. The primary threat to their survival has been habitat loss, and having their populations separated by urban and agricultural development. Now, about 1,500 golden lion tamarins live in the wild. Another 450 live in captivity worldwide. While the number of golden lions has

increased, they will need to double their population to leave the list of endangered species.

## The Gray Wolf

Until 1967, when they were listed as endangered, ruthless hunting by trophy hunters had killed most of the gray wolves in the lower 48 states of the United States. There have been numerous efforts to increase the wolf population since the early 1980s, such as a program to reintroduce them to parks in the Rocky Mountains. In fact, these efforts actually became too successful, and gray wolf populations started to expand beyond the mountain areas and started to threaten livestock in farming areas. In 2011, the gray wolf was no longer listed as endangered; this has allowed states to reduce their populations and keep their numbers in heck. Their populations in some states are now controlled by hunting and trapping. Currently there are about 5,000 wolves in the lower 48 states of the U.S., plus at least 10,000 in Alaska.