6. What important reducing agent is an important product of the pentose phosphate
pathway?

(A) NADH

(B) NADPH

(C) NADP+

(D) NAD+

(E) DTT

7. Which glycolytic reaction cannot be directly reversed in gluconeogenesis?(A) glucose converted into glucose-6-phosphate(B) glucose-6-phosphate converted into fructose-6-phosphate(C) 3-phosphoglycerate converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate(D) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(E) phosphoenolpyruvate converted into 2-phosphoglycerate

8. Which of the following is catalyzed by an oxidoreductase in Krebs cycle?(A) oxaloacetate ＞ citrate(B) isocitric acid ＞ a-ketoglutaric acid(C) fumarate ＞ malate(D) citric acid ＞ isocitric acid(E) citric acid ＞ cis-aconitate

9. Why is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) chemically less stable than single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)? (A) ssRNA has a more rigid structure than ssDNA. (B) because Uridine is less stable than thymidine (C) ssDNA is more flexible than sSRNA. (D) SSRNA has stronger base stacking interactions than ssDNA. (E) SSRNA contains an additional hydroxyl group that makes it more reactive.

10. Which amino acid is the most flexible in protein structures?(A) Alanine(B) Leucine(C) Proline(D) Serine(E) Glycine

11. Flippases are enzymes that flip:(A) fatty acids from one site on glycerol to another.(B) glucose from its alpha- to beta-configuration.(C) amino acids between different positions within a protein.(D) cholesterol between different organelles.(E) phospholipids to the opposite side of a membrane.

12. How many chiral carbons are present in an aldopentose?(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

13. Aminotransferases are enzymes that have all of the following characteristics except: (A) Can make a a-keto acid from an a-amino acid (B) use pyridoxal phosphate as a carrier of amino acid (C) catalyze highly reversible reactions (D) Use ATР (E) Serum levels are used as a clinical measure of tissue damage

14. Pyruvate can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis or oxidized to acetyl- CoA. (A) In the conversion of pyruvate to glucose, the first enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically inhibited by acetyl-CoA. (B) In the conversion of pyruvate to glucose, the first enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by acetyl-CoA. (C) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is allosterically inhibited by acetyl-CoА. (D) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is allosterically activated by acetyl-CoA. (E) None of the above.

15. In the citric acid cycle, all of the following enzymes require NAD+ as acoenzyme except the reaction catalyzed by:(A) isocitrate dehydrogenase.(B) malate dehydrogenase.(C) a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.(D) succinate dehydrogenase.(E) none of the above.

16. HMG-CoA reductase is the key regulatory site in cholesterol synthesis. Which ofthe following statement about the regulatory mechanisms of HMG-CoA reductaseis TRUE?(A) HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase can activate HMG-CoA reductase,(B) A high AMP:ATP ratio leads to activation of HMG-CoA reductase,(C) Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent kinase activates HMG-CoAreductase,(D) High cholesterol level increases the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase, (E) High cholesterol level increases HMG-CoA reductase gene expression.

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