7. Which of the following is NOT required by DNA polymerase for in vitro synthesis of DNA?
(A) tRNA
(B) ATP
(C) primer
(D) dATP
(E) DNA template

8. The "2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" was awarded to scientists who pioneered directed evolution. Which of the following statement about directed evolution is NOT correct? (A) It mimics natural evolution and directs protein engineering toward a user-defined goal. (B) It involves iterative rounds mutagenesis, selection and amplification. (C) High fidelity DNA polymerases are used for random mutagenesis in vitro. (D) The fidelity of the Taq DNA polymerase can be modulated by alteration of the composition of the reaction buffer. (E) DNA shuffling is another powerful method for directed evolution, which generates diversity by recombination.

9. Which of the following restrict enzymes will produce a blunt end (the cutting site is indicated with * in the recognition sequence)? (A) HaeIII (GG*CC) (B) EcoRI (G*AATTC) (C) NotI (GC*GGCCGC) (D) XbaI (T*CTAGA) (E) PstI (CTGCA*G)

10. Which of the following can NOT be determined by NGS (next-generation sequencing)? (A) the genome of a cell. (B) the transcriptome of a cell. (C) the IncRNA of a cell. (D) the proteome of a cell. (E) the genome of chloroplast.

11. Transcriptionally inactive genes (A) are always located within euchromatin. (B) are often methylated. (C) are often ubiquitinated. (D) are not located within nucleosomes. (E) are not resistant to DNase I.

12. Which of the following technique is usually used to detect genome-wide chromatin accessibility? (A) Yeast two-hybrid (B) SDS-PAGE (C) ATAC-seq (D) Co-immunoprecipitation (E) Electroporation

13. Which of the following type of bonds or interactions are LEAST likely to be involved in stabilizing the three-dimensional folding of most proteins? (A) Ester bonds (B) Hydrogen bonds (C) Electrostatic bonds (D) Hydrophobic interactions (E) Disulfide bonds

14. The amino acid sequence of a novel membrane protein contains six immunoglobulin-like domains and four fibronectin-like repeats. This protein is most likely a (A) G protein (B) transcriptional factor (C) motor protein (D) cell adhesion molecule (E) serine/threonine protein kinase

15. Which of the following is most likely to lead to a loss of gene function? (A) A missense mutation in the open reading frame (B) A change from TAA codon to TAG codon in the coding region (C) A change from C to T in the promoter region (D) A sequence change in the 5' untranslated region (E) A frameshift mutation in the coding region

16. Which of the following best describes the function of the sigma subunit of the RNA polymerase in E. coli? (A) It is required for transcriptional termination. (B) It is required for elongation of the RNA transcript. (C) It increases the accessibility of RNA polymerase to any DNA template. (D) It is essential for the recognition and binding to the promoter sequence. (E) It keeps the core complex from dissociating.

17. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for the origin of multigene families? (A) Endosymbiosis (B) Horizontal gene transfer (C) Gene duplication (D) Bacterial conjugation (E) Convergent evolution of dissimilar genes

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