8. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is constant. Does this mean that ΔE is always equal to zero? (A) Yes, ΔE = 0 at all times, which is why q = -w. (B) No, ΔE does not always equal zero, but this is only due to factors like friction and heat. (C) No, ΔE does not always equal zero because it refers to the system's internal energy, which is affected by heat and work. (D) No, ΔE never equals zero because work is always being done on the system or by the system. (E) No, ΔE never equals zero because energy is always flowing between the system and surroundings.