9. Which of the following controls the development of an adult structure? (2 points)

(A)homeotic gene

(B)structural gene

(C)regulator gene

(D)proto-oncogene

10. If you want to clone a DNA fragment into vector shown below, what are required to select clones with insert DNA? (2 points)（pUC19 plasmid diagram: lacZa, Polylinker, amp, ori 各功能區段）A. AmpicillinB. Lac operonC. IPTGD. Amphotericin BE. X-gal.F. Amphetamine(A)AB(B)CEF(C)ACE(D)BE(E)CDE

11. There are four polypeptides with the following primary sequences (from the N-terminus to the C-terminus): (2.5 points)(1) MSDSQNPWGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAKYCHT(2) MSDSKKQRGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAAIKRKT(3) MSAMSLNVGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAALIPDH(4) MTSMCDDEGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAEDDCYWhich polypeptide is most suitable for purification by cation exchange chromatography?(A)Polypeptide (1)(B)Polypeptide (2)(C)Polypeptide (3)(D)Polypeptide (4)

12. Which type of RNA shown below serves as a template for protein translation? (2.5 points)(A)Circular RNA (circRNA)(B)MicroRNA (miRNA)(C)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(D)Transfer RNA (tRNA)

13. The disulfide bond is a critical force in establishing the secondary structure of a protein. Which protein shown below contains disulfide bonds? (2.5 points)(A)Cytosolic proteins(B)Integral membrane proteins(C)Mitochondrial matrix proteins(D)Nuclear proteins

14. All of the cell-death forms shown below are characterized as programmed cell death, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)(A)Apoptosis(B)Ferroptosis(C)Necrosis(D)Pyroptosis

15. Most proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen have a tetrapeptide (KDEL) at their C-terminus. Where would ER-resident proteins lacking the C-terminal KDEL be destined for? (2.5 points)(A)The cytosol(B)The Golgi apparatus(C)The plasma membrane(D)The extracellular space

16. MicroRNA's role in gene regulation has been acknowledged by the award of Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 2024. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used by microRNA to regulate gene expression? (2.5 points)(A)Blocking protein translation(B)Cleaving the mRNA(C)Inhibiting transcription initiation(D)Reducing mRNA stability

17. Human cells begin cell proliferation by entering the cell cycle. Which phase of the cell cycle will be stopped if the cells are treated with a drug that decreases the levels of cyclin B1? (2.5 points)(A)G0(B)G1(C)S(D)G2/M

18. All of the following statements about the Lac operon are true, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)(A)The Lac repressor binds to the Lac operon when lactose is absent in the cell.(B)The Lac operon only produces mRNA when both lactose and glucose are present.(C)The CAP activator can only bind DNA when it is bound to cAMP.(D)Even when the CAP activator is bound to DNA, if lactose is not present, the Lac operon will not be transcribed.

19. Under anaerobic conditions, yeast produce ethanol by fermentation of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis. Why? (2.5 points)(A)Pyruvate to ethanol fermentation reduces toxic CO2 levels.(B)Glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation changes pyruvate to ethanol.(C)Ethanol produced from pyruvate regenerates NAD+, which is necessary for starting new rounds of glycolysis.(D)To add electrons (and protons) to ethanol for making lactate.

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