三、組織常會做出對組織自己不利或錯誤的決策，請提出 2 個社會學理論來解釋組織為何會做出錯誤決策，並且詳述這些理論的觀點與架構。(20 分)

四、對於家務分工不平等，社會學已經有長期的研究，請提出 3 個影響異性戀家庭中性別家務工作分配情況的主要解釋理論。(30 分)

1. 社會資本 (social capital)

2. 同構 (isomorphism)

3. 社會階層化 (social stratification)

4. 結構洞 (structural hole)

5. 馬太效應 (Matthew effect)

6. 依變項 (Dependent variable)

1. Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living. And just as they seem to be occupied with revolutionizing themselves and things, creating something that did not exist before, precisely in such epochs of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits of the past to their service, borrowing from them names, battle slogans, and costumes in order to present this new scene in world history in time-honored disguise and borrowed language.

2. In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, interactionists generally focus on the micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients. They emphasize that the patient should not always be viewed as passive. Labeling theorists suggest that the designation of “healthy” or “ill” involves social definition of others. Specifically, health care professionals have the power to define certain people as “sick.” Such labels commonly reshape how others treat us and how we see ourselves.

(1a) 何謂大數據？請做出明確的定義；並說明大數據和傳統社會學領域的量化研究的「數據」有什麼不同？(10 分)

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