3. Please explain the definition (2%), process (4%), and mechanism (4%) of photorespiration.??

4. (a) What is the salvage pathway of purine? (b) What reactions (substrates & products) are involved?(c) What is the key enzyme in response to this process? (d) What disease is caused by the deficient of this key enzyme? (e) What is the outcome of the disease?

5. The folding cycle of the GroES-GroEL complex in E. coli involves the following steps: Please consider these steps and arrange them in the correct order for the folding cycle. A. ATP binding to GroEL B. GroES dissociates from the complex C. Partially folded protein hydrophobic residues bind GroEL D. GroES is recruited to GroEL  E. GroES promotes ATP hydrolysis and α-subunits undergo a conformational change that buries the hydrophobic patches

IV. Essay (30%): Read the following passage and write an approximately 300-word essay. "Universities rush to promise 'AI literacy' the way companies promise 'innovation.' The phrase sounds modern and responsible, but it often means nothing beyond 'try a few tools." Explain what you think "AI literacy" should include and whether it should be a required curriculum for university students.

IV. Essay. (30%) While inclusion is widely regarded as a social good, some argue that unlimited inclusion may weaken shared norms, institutional coherence, or collective decision-making. Write an at least 500-word essay divided into two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, explain the key arguments for and against expansive inclusion. In the second paragraph, state your own stance, and justify it by explaining why you disagree with the opposing position.

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