II.
Forest ecosystems are important components of the globalcarbon cycle in at least two ways. First, terrestrial ecosystemsremove nearly 3 billion tons of anthropogenic carbon every year (3Pg C year–1) through net growth, absorbing about 30% of allCO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and net deforestation.Forests are major contributors to this terrestrial carbon sink andits associated economic benefits. Second, 4 billion hectares offorest ecosystems (4 × 103 Mha; about 30% of the global landarea) store large reservoirs of carbon, together holding more thandouble the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Although theclimate protection role of forests is in no doubt, it is complex todetermine how much of the forest carbon sink and reservoir can bemanaged to mitigate atmospheric CO2 buildup, and in what way.

III.(1)　In cutting-tool design, a compromise must often be made. Itwould seem advantageous to increase the cutting angle and reduce the sharpness angle, thereby reducing the amount of distortion ofthe chip and the resulting forces against the tool. In practice,however, one soon runs up against the limitations of steel. Such anidealized cutting edge would have little strength, and would soonbreak or become dull. Increasing the sharpness angle of the toolmakes the edge more durable, but eventually leads to excessivefrictional resistance or to uncontrollable chip formation.

(2)　The mortise and tenon—Fastening of end-grain to side-grainjoints can be accomplished with a high level of success using themortise and tenon. The basic joint is fashioned by forming the end-grain component, the tenon, into a round or rectangular crosssection and inserting it into a hole, or mortise, of the same size andshape in the side-grain component.

IV.　Biosecurity is specific operational steps to stop diseases fromentering your farm or once animals are infected, stopping it fromspreading to other barns on the farm or to other farms. Biosecurityis important for a great number of reasons. First, it is an essentialaspect of on farm food safety programs. Keeping food productswholesome and of highest quality is important for the health andwelfare of consumers. Secondly, animals are healthier and moreproductive. This benefits the farming community through greaterefficiency and profitability. Finally, a vibrant agriculturalcommunity is a positive influence on the economy of our nation,and an important resource in maintaining a healthy environment.

1. Affirmative action

2. Policy entrepreneur

3. Principal-agent theory

4. Representative bureaucracy

5. Span of control

1. Increasing use of collaborations as problem-solving and service delivery mechanisms coincides with attention to “governance.” Indeed, part of the attraction that discussions of governance hold is that it fits a world in which governing no longer is confined to public institutions. The term signals awareness that concern for public well-being and the capacity for public problem solving must extend beyond government bodies if elected officials and public managers are to meet citizens’ expectations and needs. In other words, those involved in cross-sector collaborations should ensure that the effort creates significant public value, viewed broadly as that which is valued by the public and is good for the public, as assessed against various public value criteria such as public benefit and fairness. (15%)

2. It is generally believed that public employees are motivated by a sense of service not found among private employees. They are seen as motivated by a concern for the community and a desire to serve the public interest and are more likely to be characterized by an ethic that prioritizes intrinsic rewards over extrinsic rewards. The concept of public service motivation (PSM) is used to explain the difference between public and private employees. In recent years, a significant amount of research has examined the topic of PSM. The primary focus of recent studies on PSM has been on identifying the nature of PSM and exploring whether it is characteristic of civil servants. However, the measurement of PSM is not fully examined. Perry (1996) identified a multidimensional scale to measure PSM that has four components: attraction to policy making (APM), commitment to public interest(CPI), compassion (COM), and self-sacrifice (SS). Perry’s measurement scale represents the generally accepted model of PSM within the United States, but there is little research on the generalizability and applicability of the dimensions and scale of PSM in the other countries. National culture may influence the construct of PSM in North American studies, and it is an empirical question whether it is possible to measure PSM in a different cultural context using the same approach. A major concern about using a scale developed in another country is its validity across societies. An important step in establishing the generalizability of PSM is to assess its applicability in other countries. (20%)

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