17. Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I?
(A) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome.
(B) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.
(C) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA.
(D) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.

18. In an egg cell treated with a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the_____. (A) acrosomal reaction would be blocked (B) fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked (C) fast block to polyspermy would not occur (D) fertilization envelope would not be formed

19. The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. In addition to mutations, how might genetic diversity be generated in this species? (A) crossing over only (B) independent assortment only (C) crossing over and random fertilization (D) nothing else

20. The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the_____. (A) hypothalamus (B) epithalamus (C) amygdala (D) Broca's area

21. Two genes are located on different chromosomes. Which event during meiosis is primarily responsible for generating different combinations of maternal and paternal alleles in the gametes? (A) Synapsis of homologous chromosomes during prophase I (B) Random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I (C) Separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II (D) Crossing over between nonsister chromatids

22. A mutation eliminates the activity of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway. The substrate accumulates to toxic levels, while the product becomes deficient. Which treatment strategy would most directly address both consequences of the mutation? (A) Increase the intake of the substrate (B) Restrict the intake of the substrate and supplement the product (C) Increase ATP production in affected cells (D) Stimulate expression of unrelated metabolic enzymes

23. One key adaptation that enabled plants to colonize land was the retention of the developing embryo within maternal tissues. What advantage did this adaptation provide? (A) Increased dispersal distance (B) Reduced mutation rate (C) Nutritional support and protection during development (D) Increased pollen production

24. You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? (A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. (B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. (C) It is probably a monocot. (D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

25. The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ________.(A) lignin (B) cellulose (C) secondary compounds (D) sporopollenin

26. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? (A) a guard cell (B) the root epidermis (C) the endodermis (D) the root cortex

27. A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if (A) the mineral is a micronutrient. (B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. (C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. (D) the mineral is a macronutrient.

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