5. Which form of DNA damage is least likely to be encountered on a day to day basis?
(A) Double strand breaks.
(B) Hydroxylation.
(C) Deamination.
(D) Pyrimidine dimers.
(E) Tautomerization.

6. If a replicating cell encounters significant DNA damage during S phase, what is the most likely result? (A) It will arrest in the S phase checkpoint and undergo repair (B) It will immediately trigger apoptosis and die (C) It will utilize telomerase to extend past the damage (D) It will utilize bypass polymerases to complete S phase (E) It will undergo a reductive division

7. Which of the following is not part of a zinc-finger motif? (A) zinc ion (B) proline residue (C) cysteine residue (D) histidine residue

8. Which of the following protein domains would be most likely to recognize and bind to acetylated lysine residues on nucleosomes? (A) homeodomains (B) zinc fingers (C) bromodomains (D) chromodomains

9. Cells, when infected by a DNA virus, can transcribe both stands of the viral DNA and process it into ~21 nt single stranded fragments that can be loaded into protein complexes which target viral protein encoding transcripts for degradation. Which statement below correctly characterizes this process? (A) This siRNA silencing results in a gene knock out. (B) This siRNA silencing results in a gene knock down. (C) This miRNA silencing results in a gene knock out. (D) This miRNA silencing results in a gene knock down. (E) This miRNA silencing results in reversible gene regulation

10. The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that one gene leads to one transcript and results in one protein product. Which of the following processes would refute this dogma? (A) Ordered splicing. (B) RNA editing. (C) Telomerase activity. (D) Translation start site recognition. (E) Polyadenylation of new transcripts.

11. Which of the arrows in the diagram below best represents the position and direction of leading strand DNA synthesis? The vertical bars at the center of the diagram depict the replication origin. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

12. Not all mutations inside the open reading frame of a gene encoding a protein change the amino acid sequence of the protein because: (A) tRNAs carrying different amino acids can recognize the same codon (B) some codons specify more than one amino acid (C) two different codons can specify the same amino acid (D) some codons are skipped during translation (E) some codons consist of more than three nucleotides

複選題13. Eukaryotic protein synthesis: (A) proceeds in a 5' 3' direction (B) is coupled to transcription (C) always begins with a formyl-methionine (D) utilizes energy stored in the aminoacyl-tRNA (E) terminates at the sequence 5'-AAUAAA-3'

14. RNA molecules that exhibit catalytic activity are called (A) mRNAs (B) ribonucleases (C) ribosomes (D) ribozymes

15. Which of the following scientists provided definitive evidence for the chromosomal theory? (A) Mendel (B) Morgan (C) McClintock (D) Miescher (E) Avery

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