8. The ribosomes reads a messenger RNA and makes a protein containing 120 amino acids. The mRNA consisted of at least how many codons?

(A) 40

(B) 120

(C) 360

(D) 480

9. Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction?(A) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule(B) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 5' end of the growing molecule(C) because the DNA molecule only unwinds in the 5' to 3' direction(D) because DNA polymerase requires the addition of a starter nucleotide at the 5' end

10. Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false?(A) RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading.(B) New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species.(C) Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great.(D) Herpesviruses may remain dormant for long periods of time while inside the host cell nucleus.

11. Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide?(A) retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands(B) alternative RNA splicing(C) genetic differentiation(D) addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands

12. If Hershey and Chase had used radioactive oxygen in their experiments instead of phosphorus and sulfur, what results would they have likely obtained?(A) They would have observed a radioactive signal in the pellet only.(B) They would have observed a radioactive signal in the liquid only.(C) They would have observed a radioactive signal in both the pellet and the liquid.(D) They would have not observed radioactivity anywhere.

13. The lac operon of E. coli is _____ when the repressor is bound to lactose.(A) active(B) inactive(C) cloned(D) unregulated

14. A single cell, the zygote, can develop into an entirely new organism with many different specialized cells. Which of the following statements about this process is false?(A) Additional genetic information for the formation of specialized cells is passed on to the developing embryo via the mother.(B) The descendant cells specialize by a process known as differentiation.(C) The zygote contains all of the genetic information required for the development of many different cell types.(D) Differentiation of the zygote into a multicellular organism results from selective gene expression.

15. Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?(A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels(B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels(C) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels(D) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo

16. When mature long-day plants grow in winter, a _____ treatment can make them flower.(A) red light(B) far-red light(C) lower temperature(D) high temperature

17. Which of the following traits is not shared by all mammals?(A) amnion(B) production of milk(C) placenta(D) three bones of the middle ear

18. What is the role of the fungus in a mycorrhizal association?(A) contributes to photosynthesis(B) absorption of water, phosphate, and other minerals(C) secretion of growth factors(D) release of water

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