4. 根據俄國學者維谷斯基(Vygotsky)潛在發展區(zone of proximaldevelopment) 的觀點，產生所謂的鷹架教學(scaffoldinginstruction)和動態評量(dynamic assessment)，請問鷹架教學和動態評量的特徵為何？此外，依據潛在發展區的觀點，什麼樣的教學較能幫助學習落後的學生？(25%)

一、 請舉一實例說明研究問題(research questions)與研究假設(research hypotheses)的用途與兩者的相異處。(25分)

二、請詳述教育測量上所謂「成就測驗」(achievement test)之意義、功能及題型結構特色，並說明其編製、建構及品質分析評估之歷程(請列出分析類別、對應指標及評估標準)，同時統整歸納優良「成就測驗」之評鑑標準。(25分)

三、一般人常以行為「動機」與「結果」做為論斷個體「行為善惡好壞」之依據，試論述其交互作用所可能產生的各種現象，並各列舉一個實例以說明之。(25分)

四、請用中文說明此段大意，並依照您自己的觀點或相關之學理，評析段落內容。(25分) The word “caring” is an everyday word, and that creates a problem for those who use it as a theoretical term. In care ethics, we are not talking about care as burden, worry, trouble or mere concern, nor are we talking about caring as care-giving. We see the concept of caring as a virtue. We are primarily interested in caring relations. In such relations, both parties, the carer and the cared-for, make distinct contributions. The consciousness of the carer is characterized by a receptive attention. The cared-for receives the caring and responds in a way that signals its reception.

1. Now assume that Taiwan is a small open economy. If the Central Bank wishes to stimulate the economy by printing money, the trade balance will ___, the interest rate will ___, and the exchange rate will ___.

2. According to the Fisher model, if Joe wishes to consume more than his current income in Period 1, when the real interest rate increases, the income effect works to ___ consumption in Period 1, and ___ consumption in Period 2; the substitution effect works to ___consumption in Period 1, and ___ consumption in Period 2.

3. Assume that a large open economy with a floating exchange rate is described in the short run by the equations: C = 0.5(Y - T) T = 1000 I = 1500 - 250r G = 1100 NX = 1000 - 250e M/P = 0.5Y - 500r M = 1000, P = 1 CF = 500 - 250r CF denotes net capital outflow, and NX denotes the net exports. The short-run equilibrium values of Y=___, C =___, r =___, I =___, CF =___, e =___, and NX =___. If the government cuts T to 600, then the short-run equilibrium values of Y =___, C =___, r =___, I =___, CF =___, e =___, and NX =___. According to above results, when the government cuts taxes, the real interest rate will ___ and the exchange rate will ___.

4. In the Solow model with technological progress, suppose that two countries are exactly alike in every respect except that country A has larger population than country B. Then country A has ___level of total output, ___ level of output per worker, ___ level of output per effective worker, the ___ rate of growth of output per worker, and the ___ rate of growth of output than country B.

5. From 1960 to 2007, Europe had higher rate of unemployment than the United States, there are two main reasons, one is ___ , and the other is ___.

(a) What is the intensive-form production function f(k), where k= K/AL denotes capital per effective labor? (5%)

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