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91. 何種管路灌溉系統,無豎槽之設置? (A)開放式管路灌溉系統 (B)封閉式管路灌溉系統 (C)半封閉式管路灌溉系統 (D)半開放式管路灌溉系統 。

48. 機器學習中的「強化學習(Reinforcement Learning)」強調Agent透過與環境互動獲得的獎勵或懲罰(Reward/Penalty)來修正行為策 略,以追求長期利益最大化。這種「後果決定行為頻率」的運算邏輯,最符合下列哪一項心理學機制? (A)Pavlov的信號替代:強調刺激與刺激間的預測關係 (B)Thorndike的效果律:強調反應後的滿意效果能加強刺激與反應間聯結 (C)Tolman的潛在學習:強調在無顯著強化下建立的認知地圖 (D)Bandura的替代強化:強調觀察他人行為結果後的模仿意願

49. 孔老師在編製課程時,考量學校與學生所處社區的在地脈絡與城鄉差異,這較屬於何種教育學理的課程思維? (A)教育人類學的多元文化 (B)教育行政學的政策組織 (C)教育哲學的批判與美學 (D)教育心理學的情意態度

46. In a CLIL science lesson, a teacher presents plate tectonics through oral explanations, an annotated diagram, gestures, and a short animation. Each mode contributes information that others do not fully convey. Which statement best explains the pedagogical value of this design? (A) It eliminates the need for explicit support for discipline-specific language during instruction. (B) It uses complementary modes to scaffold students’ construction of disciplinary meaning. (C) It enhances learning by repeating identical information across multiple channels. (D) It shifts students’ attention away from classroom interaction and toward the teacher’s lecture.

47. According to the principles of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), which of the following classroom activities would NOT be classified as an authentic “task”? (A) Students take turns reading a dialogue aloud from the textbook and underline past tense verbs. (B) Students read a restaurant menu and role-play ordering a meal based on specific conditions. (C) Students work in pairs to look at two different pictures and find ten differences in the pictures. (D) Students collaborate in small groups to design a three-day travel itinerary for a school trip within a fixed budget.

48. During a speaking activity, a junior high student becomes visibly frustrated and shuts down after making a pronunciation error that causes peers to chuckle. A teacher utilizing Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) principles would use this moment primarily to ______. (A) force the embarrassed student to repeat the word correctly to demonstrate resilience (B) instruct the student to go to the hallway so the rest of the class can finish the lesson without interruption (C) validate the student’s frustration and lead a classroom discussion on empathy and supportive peer communication (D) ignore the incident entirely to avoid drawing further embarrassment to the student and moving quickly to the next .. student